Htam::SURF.2006

Vertex-Pancyclicity of Hypertournaments

The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) program allows students to research under the guidance of professors.

I worked with professor Richard M. Wilson the summer of 2006.

The general area of research is combinatorics, more specifically, graph theory.
The topics of this project includes hypertournaments, digraphs, Hamiltonian paths and cycles, and (vertex-)pancyclicity.

Abstract

A hypertournament, or a k-tournament, on n vertices, 2 < k < n, is a pair T = (V, E), where the vertex set V is a set of size n and the edge set E is the collection of all possible subsets of size k of V, called the edges, each taken in one of its k! possible permutations. A k-tournament is vertex-pancyclic if each vertex is contained in (directed) cycles of all possible lengths. A k-tournament is strong if there is a path from u to v for each pair of distinct vertices u and v. We examine the question posed by Gutin and Yeo about the characterization of vertex-pancyclic hypertournaments. We utilize the majority digraph to reduce a k-tournament to an ordinary tournament (2-tournament). We employ this method to extend Moon's theorem (a tournament is vertex-pancyclic if and only if it is strong) to hypertournaments. We prove that for a k-tournament on n vertices, if k > 8 and n > k + 3, then it is vertex-pancyclic if and only if it is strong. The same conclusion holds if k > 5 and n > k + 4, or if k = 4 and n > 11, or if k = 3 and n > 15. We also find bounds for the generalized problem when we extend vertex-pancyclicity to require d edge-disjoint cycles of each possible length and extend strong connectivity to require d edge-disjoint paths between each pair of vertices. Our results include and extend that of Petrovic and Thomassen.

Documents

Main Problem

For terminology, refer to the final report above.

For a k-tournament on n vertices, Gutin and Yeo [2] proved that it has a Hamiltonian path when n > k + 1 and a Hamiltonian cycle when n > k + 2 if and only if it is strong. Gutin and Yeo also showed that these bounds are tight. They also mentioned as unsolved the problem of deciding whether a hypertournament is (vertex-)pancyclic.

Petrovic and Thomassen [3] proved that an k-tournament on n > k + 24d + 1 vertices, when k > 4, or on n > 30d + 2 vertices, when k = 3 has d edge-disjoint Hamiltonian cycles if and only if it is d-edge-connected (Theorem 2 in [3]). Note that when d = 1, 1-edge-connectedness is simply strong. They claimed that from the proof of Theorem 2 in [3], vertex-pancyclicity is implied as well. However, their characterization is incomplete because it requires n large compared to k.

My main problem is therefore to find the bounds of the number of vertices n of a k-tournament such that it is vertex-pancyclic if and only if it is strong. A generalized version is to change strong to d-edge-connected and in vertex-pancyclicity requires d edge-disjoint cycles of each length from 3 up to n. In the progress section below, when we say "For d = 1, k > 8, we lowered it to n > k + 3," we are referring to this bound of the main problem. If possible, we will also show that the bound is tight, but we will mention it explicitly, otherwise, assume that the bounds have not been shown to be tight.

Progress and Breakthroughs

The first few few days were spent reading background information and understanding known results and proofs.
2006.06.12 - Re-read my SURF proposal, and read the primary reference [3] of my problem.
             The current goal is to understand Theorem 2 in this paper, reading other papers as needed.
2006.06.13 - Read [2], that which the original open question was posed.
2006.06.16 - Met with my Mentor.  Upon being asked to talk about the case of tournaments (k = 2),
             cited Redei's theorem and Camion's theorem.  Asked to find out the proofs and present them Tuesday.
2006.06.17 - Found Camion's theorem in [1] as a corollary to Moon's theorem.
             Cannot find proof of Redei's theorem, thus attempted and succeeded to prove it myself.
2006.06.23 - Used the insight gained in reading [2] to understand Theorem 2 in [3].
             The next few days will be spent trying to extend the Remark of Theorem 2 as in the original proposal.
2006.06.26 - For d = 1, k = 3, the main problem is answered for n > 32 in [3], we lowered it to 29.
2006.06.30 - For d = 1, k = 3, we lowered it to n > 15.
2006.07.06 - For d = 1, k > 4, [3] answered it for n > k + 25.
             For k = 4, we lowered it to n > 11.
             For 5 < k < 7, we lowered it to n > k + 4.
             For k > 8, we lowered it to n > k + 3.
             Note that [2] constructed a non-Hamiltonian k-tournament on n = k + 1 vertices that is strong.
             Hence the only work left for k > 8 is the n = k + 2 case.
2006.07.10 - Previously, we have only considered d = 1, and for k = 3, we got n > 15 as the bound.
             For any d > 1, we showed the bound to be n > 14d + 1, thus reducing my work on 6/26 to a specific case.
2006.07.17 - For d > 1, k > 8, the bound is n > k + 2d + 1; this requires insane amount of calculations.
2006.08.03 - Proved that for d = 1, k > 7, it is pancyclic if n > k + 2; this bound is tight.

References

[1] J. Bang-Jensen and G. Gutin, Digraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications, Springer-Verlag, London (2001).
[2] G. Gutin and A. Yeo, Hamiltonian paths and cycles in hypertournaments, J Graph Theory 25 (1997), 277–286.
[3] V. Petrovic and C. Thomassen, Edge-disjoint Hamiltonian cycles in hypertournaments, J Graph Theory 51 (2006), 49–52.
[4] C. Thomassen, Edge-disjoint Hamiltonian paths and cycles in tournaments, Proc London Math Soc 45 (1982), 151–168.

Remarks

If you are interested in discussing my project with me, just contact me.
Read my diary for more in depth description and anecdotes regarding SURF.
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